India and Africa's affairs....!!

Introduction

India and Africa have a relationship that can be traced back to ancient times.
Contacts and trade between the people of the eastern seaboard of Africa and the
western seaboard of India have been going on for centuries. However, the relationship
has swung from a period of great emotional and political solidarity in the 1950s and
1960s to selective engagement in the 1970s and 1980s. In the post-Cold War era in
Africa there is a growing perception that it was marginalised, both politically and
economically. Politically, Africans felt relieved  that Super Power domination in the
continent had ended. On the other hand there is a feeling that they are of little strategic
importance to the major powers. Economically Africa is of little importance to the
major players in the world economy—the Western economies, the multinational
corporations and the banking institutions.This perception was painted mainly by
 Afro pessimists, who felt “if Africa is pushed off the world’s surface, none or only
 few would miss it.”

 It was pushed by hard facts that around 300 million Africans live on US $ 0.65 or less per day, more
than 250 of every 1,000 children die before the age of five and in more than 20
countries one in ten adults has HIV/AIDS.Nevertheless, on the positive side, the continent has witnessed a trend towards democratisation that is visible in multi-party elections across the continent and the
emergence of a democratic South Africa. It is also visible in the launch of the New
Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) through the joint efforts of South
Africa and Senegal. This action plan promises to remove the tag of the ‘Hopeless
Continent’.

Against this backdrop the paper examines India’s Africa policy in the post-Cold
War era. The cornerstone of India’s Africa policy in the past has been the support for
the struggles against colonialism and racialism in Africa. The emergence of a
democratic South Africa has brought an end to the apartheid struggle in Africa. In
this changed situation what is the focus of India’s Africa policy? This is the main
question that will be addressed in this paper. The term ‘Africa’ refers to the countries
of Sub-Saharan Africa. Since there are close to fifty countries in Africa, an analysis
of bilateral relations is not undertaken.

Historical Background

Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister laid the foundation for India’s
Africa policy. The importance of Africa, he felt, arose from the fact that “though
separated by the Indian Ocean from us, it is in a sense our next door neighbour.”

There were two major strands of his policy towards Africa. The first was the support
for the struggle against colonisation and racial discrimination in South Africa. On
these issues India was very active at the United Nations. The second was related to
the people of Indian origin settled in Africa. He advised the Indians to identify
themselves with the local community, adopt a more positive attitude towards the
political aspirations of the people of their adopted countries. In economic matters, he
advised them not to seek any special privileges at the cost of equal opportunities for
the Africans.

 The Africans acknowledged both Nehru’s and Mahatma Gandhi’s
support for the African struggle. Mazrui, says that Gandhi’s message of non-violence
and passive resistance inspired many black leaders in Africa including Kwame
Nkrumah of Ghana, Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia and Julius Nyerere of Tanzania.
Similarly, as the Cold War began, Nehru’s principle of non-alignment appealed to
the Africans.

However, towards the end of Nehru’s tenure, India’s Africa relation dipped to a
low. Few African nations gave diplomatic support to India bilaterally or at multilateral
fora like the Non-aligned Movement (NAM).

 This was due to  a number of factors.

India’s defeat in the Sino-Indian war in 1962 caused a setback to the image of India
as a leader. Second, India’s hesitation in fixing a date for the end of colonialism (on
the logic that it was unrealistic) in Africa at the Belgrade NAM Summit in 1961
made it look soft towards the colonial powers. Third, its insistence on African liberation
movements to adopt peaceful means as opposed to China’s overt gestures towards
arms assistance was not appreciated. Fourth, immediately after the 1962 war, India
was busy countering  China at every multilateral forum.

However, by the mid-1960s India undertook a serious reassessment of its Africa
policy and adopted some fresh initiatives. Indira Gandhi’s African Safari in 1964
was aimed at measuring the depth of African solidarity with India. Subsequently,
India stopped treating African countries as a bloc and became selective in its friendship.
It also launched a policy of economic diplomacy. This was flagged off by the launch
of the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Programme in 1964,
primarily to counter China’s aid diplomacy. By the 1970s, India’s stature had risen
in African eyes; the Indo-Soviet Treaty (1971), the 1971 war, the Green Revolution,
and the Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE) in 1974 probably contributed towards
this change. Emphasis on economic diplomacy increased in the early 1970s in tandem
with the realisation among developing countries in Asia and Africa of the need for
economic cooperation among themselves. Adoption of the Lagos Plan of Action by
the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1980 underlined the importance given
by the Africans to regional and South-South cooperation. The impact of these
initiatives was an increase in India’s trade with Africa, with the balance of trade
favouring India.

In the 1970s and 1980s India continued to support liberation struggles in Africa.
It worked closely with the Africans in the fight against apartheid in South Africa and
Namibia; not just at the UN but also at other multilateral fora such as NAM, and the
Commonwealth. India had accorded diplomatic status to the African National
Congress (ANC) in 1967 and SWAPO (South West African People’s Organisation)
in 1985.

 Apart from diplomatic support, India also provided financial and material
aid to the liberation struggles in Africa, not directly but through multilateral institutions
like the OAU, The UN Fund for Namibia, UN Educational and Training Programme
for South Africa and finally through the Action for Resisting Invasion, Colonialism
and Apartheid (AFRICA) Fund. The AFRICA Fund was established by NAM under
Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s leadership in 1986 to assist frontline states and
liberation movements in South Africa and Namibia. According to one estimate India
provided Rs 36 million by 1977-78 while India’s initial contribution to the AFRICA
Fund was Rs 500 million  which included private and individual contributions of Rs
25 million.

As far as India’s policy towards people of Indian origin (PIO) is concerned,
Mrs. Indira Gandhi initially advanced a policy of engagement. During her African
Safari she called them Ambassadors of India. The African states resented the change

in India’s policy towards the PIOs. When Kenya and Uganda launched the policy of
Africanisation and asked Indians to leave the country, Government of India’s sympathy
and concern towards the PIOs was resented.

 These developments had an impact atthree levels. First, is realisation of the fact that the Indian government’s support to the African liberation movements was not reciprocated by the Africans in giving
protection to the people of Indian origin.

Second, the Government of India revertedback to the policy of disengagement with the PIOs. Subsequent governments till thelate 1990s continued this policy. Third, the Government of India’s hesitation in
welcoming the expelled Indians back into its fold, in turn, made them realise the
limits of the policy towards them and the fact that they had been left to their own fate
in their adopted countries.


Recent Policy:

In the post-Cold War era, granted that Indians and Africans were allies in the
struggle against colonialism and apartheid, both now need to march together to the
tune of geo-economics. Based on historic friendship, we can still be partners in the
struggle against under-development, poverty and other common problems.
India’s Africa policy in the post-Cold War era, it appears, is composed of five
mantras:
• Promoting economic cooperation
• Engaging the PIOs
• Preventing and combating terrorism
• Preserving peace
• Assisting the African defence forces
These are discussed below.
Promoting Economic Cooperation
In the early 1990s the government stressed that, “ ... in the future, new relationships
based on concrete economic, technological and educational cooperation will assume
enhanced significance.”

 It needs to be pointed out though that India’s objectives
with regard to this policy have remained the same over the years, i.e., “creation and
consolidation of strong economic bonds among countries of the South and the use of
India’s relative economic strength for development of these countries on mutually
beneficial basis.”

India engaged Africa economically :


Technical Assistance

India has extended technical assistance to African countries under the Indian
Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme and the Special
Commonwealth  Africa  Assistance Plan (SCAAP). This involves the following
aspects: -
• Training (civil and military)
• Projects and project-related assistance such as supply of equipment,
consultancy services and feasibility studies
• Deputation of experts
• Study visits of senior officials/decision makers to India.
The programme covers various fields.

 The fastest growing segment of ITEC is consultancy and project assistance. This involves preparation of feasibility studies,project reports, setting up pilot projects and research centres in the agricultural sector,
etc. A number of African countries have received assistance in this area.
Over the past four decades, India has provided more than US $2 billion in technical
assistance to the countries of the South and most of it has gone to Africa.

In the 1990s, a number of projects were initiated with Indian help. An Entrepreneurial
Training and Demonstration Centre (ETDC) costing US $ 4.49 million has been
constructed in Dakar (Senegal) by Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT) and handed
over in June 2000.

 In Namibia, India has assisted in setting up a Plastic Technology
Demonstration Centre.

In 1994, the government launched a programme for
cooperation with select African countries for the development of small-scale industries
(SSI). These countries were Nigeria, Senegal, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya,
Ghana and Ethiopia. The government offered finance for implementation of these
programmes under ITEC. A small-scale industry development project is also under
execution in Zimbabwe. An important training-cum-demonstration project entitled
Indian Farmers Project is to be set up in Burkina Faso.

 In Senegal, Indian officials have been involved in providing feasibility studies for a dairy development project
and an incense stick project.

 Feasibility studies for establishment of a poultry vaccine
laboratory in Mali and for improvements in the education system in South Africa
were also conducted.

Since 1964, India has also provided civil training to over 14,500 trainees from
various countries, mainly from Africa, under the ITEC programme.The countries
were Nigeria, Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe and South
Africa


Trade

In the last decade a number of initiatives were launched to promote trade with
Africa. Apart from the government, the private sector also pitched in to explore the
African markets.
From the mid-1990s, organisations like the Confederation of Indian Industries
(CII), The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (ASSOCHAM), the
Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and the Federation
of Indian Exporters’ Organisation (FIEO) identified Africa as a thrust area and
launched programmes to promote economic and business cooperation. This included
exchange of information, conducting one-to-one business meetings and organising
activities like ‘Made in India’ shows across Africa. These chambers have also entered
into joint business agreements with Mauritius, Kenya, Zambia, Uganda, Zimbabwe
Nigeria, South Africa and Ethiopia.

The Government Initiatives are:

• US $6 million EXIM line of Credit to PTA countries: In September 1992,
the EXIM Bank signed an agreement with the Preferential Trade Area (PTA)
Bank to extend an US $ 6 million line of credit to members of the PTA only
for import of capital goods from India. The PTA covered 21 countries from
Eastern and Southern Africa.

 In 1994 the PTA was replaced with the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).

• Engaging West African Countries: In an effort to strengthen political and
economic ties with West African countries, the then Prime Minister, P.V.
Narasimha Rao visited Burkina Faso and Ghana in November 1995.
• R e v o l v i n g   F u n d   f o r  A f r i c a :   I n   1 9 9 6 ,   P r i m e   M i n i s t e r,   H . D .
Deve Gowda announced at the G-15 Summit in Harare the creation of a
revolving fund of Rs. 100 crores towards regional cooperation with  Africa.

• MoU with SADC: A Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation between
India and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) was signed
in October 1997 which envisaged both government and private sector
cooperation in the region, similar to the one followed by COMESA and the
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
• Meeting of HoMs/Commercial Representatives: Meeting of Heads of
Missions (HoMs) / commercial representatives of Indian missions in Eastern
and Southern Africa under the Chairmanship of the Minister of State for
Commerce Industry was held in June 2000. A similar meeting was convened
in October 2000 in West Africa


• Focus Africa: The Focus Africa programme was launched as part of the
EXIM Policy 2002-2003. Encouraged by the Focus initative in Latin
America, the government launched a Focus Africa initiative. Selected Indian
missions will provide business promotion services to visiting Indian exporters/
businessmen at a nominal fee by setting up business centres. The first phase
of Focus Africa will focus on  Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya, Mauritius,
Ethiopia, Tanzania and Ghana. Firms exporting to these markets will be
given ‘Export House’ status subject to a mininum export of Rs 5 crore


Overall, the trade between India and Sub-Saharan Africa has grown from US$
893 million in 1991-92 to US$ 3,390 million in 2000-2001, registering as increase
of more than 280 per cent in 9 years


Mahatma Gandhi had said, “The commerce between India and Africa will be of
ideas and services, not of manufactured goods against raw materials after the fashion
of western exploiters.”

But the laws of the marketplace appear to be inexorable!
Most of our imports from Africa consist of minerals, petroleum products and raw
materials, while our exports are textiles, pharmaceuticals, engineering goods, etc.
(See Fig. 2) The composition of Africa’s trade has caused some anxiety among some
Africans too. Adebayo Adedji, former Executive Secretary of the Economic


Commission of Africa (ECA) states that, “The traditional scenario that obtained in
our trade with the developed world, whereby our country supplies the former with
commodities and imports there from manufactured products including capital goods,
is being reproduced, deliberately or not, in our intra-third world trade … I feel…such
a situation is completely unacceptable to us.

This is a reality that the Africans have to face and the composition of trade would be changed only with greater level
of economic development in these countries.


Future of Exports

Despite the number of initiatives launched by the Indian government, Indian
exports are still a miniscule part of total African imports . The Indian
Commerce Minister feels that Indian exports to Africa are sub-optimal. The problems
of trading with Africa are wellknown—large payments to Indian exporters being
stuck due to foreign exchange crunch; language problem; lack of awareness about
the African potential, ongoing conflicts; and lack of direct shipping lines to Africa.
In today’s market-driven economics, the government’s role is limited; it can act as a
facilitator  alone. The competition in trading with Africa is indeed hotting up.

Advent of AGOA

The good news is that Indian textile exporters need to take advantage of the
opportunity to export goods to the US without restrictions, through the African Growth
and Opportunities Act (AGOA), signed in 2000. Thirty-five countries in Africa are
eligible for AGOA, but only 17 have qualified for exporting to the US through
AGOA.Countries like China and Malaysia have got excited with AGOA and plan to
increase investments in Africa. Malaysia has already invested in a textile unit in
South Africa in 2002.
Pharma Success
In April 2001, the South African government won the case against multinationals
to import generic AIDS drugs.

 This landmark judgement has opened the gates for
pharmaceutical exports from India of generic AIDS drugs to Africa. Around 20
million people living in Africa are infected with the AIDS virus.

 These anti-retroviral drugs, or ARVs, could be supplied by the Indian companies at a fraction of the cost
of Western drugs. Nigeria was the first country to import these from Cipla and
Ranbaxy. India has seven pharmaceutical companies manufacturing ARVs. A fourday Africa-India Health Summit organised by the Government of India brought
together 16 African countries.
Leading pharma companies showcased their
capabilities and products. At the end of the Summit the ground was laid for joint
ventures in African countries. South Africa and Kenya  have signed agreements for
joint ventures with Indian firms.

Cashing the Information Boom:

India has made a name in Information Technology and there is good scope for IT
exports to Africa. Only half a million Africans have access to the Internet, and therefore
there is a pressing need to narrow the ‘digital divide’.

  The Economic Commission of Africa (ECA) has launched an initiative to accelerate the adoption of information
systems in Africa. There is tremendous scope for joint ventures with India in this
field.

NEPAD
This new initiative undertakes to promote and protect democracy and human
rights in exchange for sustained levels of aid, investment and economic engagement
with the developed world. A summit with the investors was organised in
Dakar in April 2002. Subsequently, the Africans have engaged the G8 countries, the
European Union and India. The G8 countries have pledged support to NEPAD and
launched an African Action Plan at the G8 Summit in June 2002.

 Among the G8 countries, Japan has been actively supporting the cause of African development. In
1993 the first Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD)
was held. This was followed by TICAD II in 1998 while TICAD III is scheduled to
be held in September 2003.

 African development issues are on the agenda of the
second EU-Africa Summit to be held sometime in the near future.
 The Indian government also appears to consider NEPAD as a viable action plan,
and a conference was organised in July 2002 with 30 representatives from industry and the
finance sector of a number of African countries.

Engaging the PIOs
The government of India has tried to engage people of Indian origin (PIO) in the
post-Cold War era. While the Congress government’s approach was cautious, the
BJP government has turned the policy around. The PIOs are now the focus of the
government’s foreign policy initiatives in different regions of the world. It organised
the first-ever meet of parliamentarians of Indian origin at New Delhi in December
1998.

 It also offered a PIO Card. However, at US$ 1,000 there were very few
takers. The Global Organisation for People of Indian Origin (GOPIO) called for a
reduction to US$ 250.
In September 2000,  the government set up a high-level committee on the Indian
diaspora as a major initiative.
 The mandate of the committee was to make a
comprehensive study of the global Indian diaspora and to recommend measures for
a constructive relationship. The report was submitted on January 8, 2002. Some of
the prominent recommendations are:
• Offer of Dual citizenship to PIO/NRIs living in select countries (United
States, the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Western
Europe, Singapore) under the rubric of the Citizenship Act
• Fee reduction in PIO Card scheme
• Celebration of ‘Pravasi Bhartiya Divas’ on January 9 (the day Mahatma
Gandhi returned from South Africa) every year
• Setting up of a ‘single window’ organisation, a Pravasi Bhartiya Bhawan, to
deal with the PIO/NRI issues.
The government has accepted most of these recommendations. In keeping with
the suggestions, the government organised three-day long celebrations commemorating
the Pravasi Bhartiya Divas in January 2003. A number of conferences were held
involving professionals, intellectuals, businessmen and parliamentarians of Indian
origin.

The recommendations of the high-level committee has led to a debate and one
view is that they seem to benefit the NRI/PIOs in Europe and America more than

those in Africa. Organisations like GOPIO have welcomed the dual citizenship move.
In fact, they have been demanding it for a long time.

 It seems to have created three categories of PIO’s—one, people who live either
 in Europe or North America whocan claim dual citizenship; two, those who have
Indian nationality only (e.g., thosein the Gulf); and three, people who only have
 the citizenship of the countries of residence (e.g. Africa and the Caribbean).
 It has led to disappointment amongstpeople of Indian origin in Africa who
feel the Government of India has been discriminatory.

 Some argue that PIOs in Eastern Africa may not be interested in
dual citizenship.

 In the past the people of Indian origin in East Africa suffered due
to the fluctuating policies of the Government of India. After independence, these
PIOs had assumed that the Government of India would come to their rescue when
they were in trouble. However, India overlooked them in its bid to cultivate relations
with the Africans. Indeed, very few Indians took up the Indian government’s offer of
resettlement in India when they were asked to leave Uganda and Kenya.
Preventing and Combating Terrorism
The September 11 terrorist attacks demonstrated the destructive power of
terrorists. India strongly condemned these attacks as did the African countries. Africa
came to the limelight when the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya were attacked
in August 1998. Terrorism struck Africa again in November 2002 when a terrorist
bomb exploded at a hotel complex in the coastal town of Mombassa.

 About twelve people lost their lives in the attack. Almost simultaneously, a chartered plane of
Israel’s Arkia Airlines narrowly missed a missile attack while taking off from
Mombassa Airport.

It is estimated that there are more than a dozen countries in Africa, where terrorist
groups (mainly as part of the Al Qaida network) have established a strong presence.

Sudan and Somalia figure prominently in that list. Sudan was declared a rogue state
by the US because it provided a safe haven to a number of terrorist organisations,
including the Al Qaida. Osama bin Laden was quite active in Sudan from 1991-96.
Nevertheless, the Sudanese and the Somalian governments joined other African
countries in condemning the terrorist attacks against the US. About 25 Africans
from 13 different African countries had lost their lives in these attacks.
In the war against terrorism, most of the African countries have pledged nonmilitary support to the United States government. Kenya and Djibouti offered access
to sea and airport facilities to the US military, though in Kenya the opposition parties
asked the government to give an explanation on this issue in the parliament.

South Africa had offered non-military support, including intelligence sharing.


The September 11 attacks and the subsequent attacks on the Indian parliament
on December 13, 2001 have led to a greater understanding of the Indian position on
terrorism by the Africans. The African countries supported in the past India’s moves
to deter terrorism, at multilateral fora. At the Durban NAM Summit in September
1998, the African countries including South Africa supported the Indian proposal
for international action against terrorism. Last year, in October, Senegal hosted a
conference on terrorism that was attended by heads of states of 27 African countries.
This meeting enabled the African states to take a common stand against terrorism. It
also sought to devise an African anti-terrorism accord that would allow extradition
of terrorists from one state to another. Such a crucial provision was missing in the
earlier OAU Convention on Terrorism (1999).
Promoting Peace.
Peace is an elusive commodity in Africa which has witnessed scores of conflicts
over the years. It is estimated that 18 Sub-Saharan African countries are directly or
indirectly involved in conflicts; in 12 others, conflict can erupt at any moment.

In a number of these conflicts, the Blue Helmets were deployed. India has participated in
a number of these peacekeeping operations. It was involved in the United Nations
operations in Mozambique (ONUMOZ); Somalia (UNOSOM I, II); United Nations
Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM I, II, III) and Observer Mission (MONUA);
and also in the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) and Ethiopia
and Eritrea (UNAMEE).

India’s role in UN peacekeeping in Africa has been much appreciated by the
local population. In a conference in New Delhi, the Namibian Foreign Minister was
quick to express appreciation of India response to the African hour of need.

Nevertheless, it has also got its share of brickbats. In Sierra Leone Major-General
V.K. Jetley got caught in controversy, with the Nigerian and other governments of
the West African coalition which demanded his removal.

 General Jetley had accused senior African military commanders of the UN peacekeeping force of colluding with
the rebels to mine diamonds illegally. The West African nations perceived the presence
of Indian UN peacekeeping forces  in Sierra Leone as ‘interference’.

Assisting the African Defence Forces
India has been providing military training to officers and JCOs of the African
defence forces. Most of the African countries lack military training institutions and,
therefore, the officers are often sent abroad either to the military colleges of the
former colonial powers or friendly countries in the developing world. Since the 1960s
India has provided military training to a number of Africans, primarily from
Anglophone Africa. Training is imparted in national institutions under the three wings
of the defence services, including the National Defence College New Delhi and the
Defence Services Staff College, Wellington. The training covers fields such as security
and strategic studies, defence management, artillery, electronics, mechanical, marine
and aeronautical engineering, anti-marine warfare, logistics management and
qualitative assurance services.

 During the period 1990-91 to 2000-2001, around
800 officers and JCOs from 12 African countries (Botswana, Burkina Faso, Ghana,
Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, Senegal, Madagascar, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania
and Uganda) were provided training by the Indian Army under ITEC.

 India has also sent training teams to various African countries like Botswana, Zambia and
Lesotho. As part of its cooperation in defence, India has supplied a small quantity of
conventional arms to the Africans.
India has supplied patrol crafts (SDB Mk-2 type) to Mauritius and Guinea Bissau
(one each) in 1993, and light helicopters (SA-316 B Aloutte-3 and SA-315B Lama)
to Namibia (two each) in 1994.India has also imported weapons from South Africa.

Conclusion

India’s Africa policy indicates both change and continuity in the post-Cold War
era. The people of Africa have acknowledged India’s support in the past and there is
a lot of goodwill towards India. They are attracted towards the new image of India in
the 21st  century as the new centre for technology and commerce in Asia.
India should reciprocate and follow the EU and the Japanese examples for
cooperation to mutual benefit. Economically, this partnership with Africa would